9 febbraio 2018

Feudalesimo bancario

Durante l'VIII e il XV secolo prevalse in Europa un sistema politico ed economico che ha ricevuto il nome di feudalesimo. Era un sistema organizzato attorno alla proprietà della terra, in cambio di schemi di vassallaggio, protezione, lavoro e distribuzione della produzione agricola. Nella classica descrizione di Marc Bloch, lo schema gerarchico ruotava attorno ai tre strati della società: nobiltà, clero e produttori rurali. In genere i signori feudali, saldamente alloggiati nei loro castelli, fornivano protezione ai produttori agricoli in cambio di lavoro diretto o di un tributo pagato in natura.
Tra gli abitanti della campagna e le città i rapporti economici sono stati realizzati per mezzo di mercati, fiere e altri schemi per gli scambi. La moneta in circolazione veniva emessa, a volte, dalle autorità ecclesiastiche e, talvolta, dai re o dai signori feudali stessi. Il baratto prevalse solo quando ci furono crolli istituzionali, come il collasso dell'Impero Romano o quando l'impero di Carlo Magno scomparve.
Nel feudalesimo esisteva il credito e alcune dinastie erano incaricate di fornire prestiti a coloro che ne avevano bisogno. Ma questi prestiti erano normalmente riservati ai potenti e non erano destinati alla maggior parte della popolazione. Una buona parte dei crediti era destinata a pagare mercenari e finanziare guerre. In questi casi gli interessi erano molto alti e potevano raggiungere il 60% (come oggi con le carte di credito). C'erano anche prestiti per i grandi commercianti, che offrivano sufficienti garanzie. Il resto della popolazione doveva ricorrere a istituti di credito locali per coprire i suoi bisogni in caso di malattia o qualche altra emergenza.
Le grandi dinastie degli istituti di credito hanno operato con i loro corrispondenti in diverse parti dell'Europa e del Mediterraneo. Così potevano offrire un servizio prezioso ai mercanti attraverso il riconoscimento di cambiali e altri titoli. Questi grandi istituti di credito operavano come banchieri, ma la loro attività principale non dipendeva dall'acquisire risparmi. I prestiti che offrivano erano con le proprie risorse o provenivano dalle loro complesse operazioni contabili. Erano, per così dire, banchieri senza banche, nel senso moderno del termine.
Con l'avvento del capitalismo, l'attività creditizia divenne sempre più importante e la rivoluzione industriale accelerò il processo attraverso le scale di produzione. Le banche si riorganizzarono, iniziarono a sviluppare le loro funzioni di acquisizione di risparmi e le loro operazioni ampliarono i confini dell'accumulazione capitalista finanziando il consumo. Quindi, non solo si espande la dimensione del mercato finale per la produzione capitalistica di beni, ma venne ridotto il tempo di recupero del capitale. Il processo culmina nel diciannovesimo secolo, quando la maggior parte della popolazione è considerata oggetto di credito. Le persone normali diventano quindi clienti delle banche.
Oggi, il livello di indebitamento della popolazione dipende da molti fattori, tra cui spicca il reddito salariale. Sotto il neoliberismo, la stagnazione dei salari reali ha portato a una straordinaria espansione del credito come supporto per mantenere gli standard di vita. Il risultato è stato un crescente indebitamento per la popolazione generale attraverso mutui e prestiti per l'acquisto di beni di consumo durevoli e il pagamento di servizi educativi o sanitari. Gli indicatori sull'indebitamento delle famiglie negli Stati Uniti come percentuale del PIL mostrano una rapida crescita dal 40% al 97,8% tra il 1960 e il 2014. Lo schema è ripetuto per molti paesi europei.
Il risultato è che oggi una parte significativa della popolazione vive e lavora per pagare interessi alle banche, a tal punto che è possibile pensare di vivere in una sorta di feudalesimo bancario. In questo sistema, le banche sono i signori del denaro che creano denaro dal nulla e, proprio come nello stricto sensu del feudalesimo, la loro attività non dipende nemmeno dalla conquista dei risparmi. Il posto dei nobili è occupato dai governi, che sono anche soggetti al credito e devono obbedire ai dettami dei mercati dei capitali. Le loro banche centrali, con tutta la loro mitica indipendenza, devono fornire riserve ai signori del denaro quando le circostanze lo richiedono. I contadini sono tutti gli altri, dobbiamo ricorrere al credito sistematicamente. In certi casi anche le frazioni di capitale industriale occupano una posizione simile a quella dei contadini.
Il nuovo feudalesimo bancario consente alle persone di passare da una trama all'altra, ad esempio quando si cerca un lavoro. Ma queste persone hanno sempre un peso dei vassalli stessi: devono pagare per il servizio del loro debito, sia con un mutuo o altri prestiti. Forse la differenza più importante è che, in contrasto con gli obblighi che i signori feudali avevano con i loro sudditi, le banche non offrono alcuna protezione contro la violenza o incidenti di vita.

Alejandro Nadal è un economista messicano, laureato a Parigi. Professore e ricercatore presso il Centro di Studi Economici del Colegio de México, collabora con il quotidiano messicano di sinistra La Jornada e la rivista Sin Permiso.
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Originale: Feudalismo bancario

Traduzione per TLAXCALA di Alba Canelli

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